游泳训练区间 - 基于 CSS 的强度指南
掌握游泳的 5 个训练区间 - 根据您的临界游泳速度个性化
什么是游泳训练区间?
训练区间是基于您的临界游泳速度(CSS)——您的有氧阈值配速——科学定义的强度范围。每个区间触发特定的生理适应,从有氧基础建设(区间 2)到 VO₂max 发展(区间 5)。训练区间消除猜测,确保每次训练都有明确的目的。
为什么基于区间的训练有效
按"感觉"或通用配速表训练会失败,因为:
- 个体生理差异:1:40/100 米的配速对精英游泳者来说很轻松,但对初学者来说是最大努力
- RPE 不可靠:感知努力随疲劳、水分和条件而变化
- 通用配速错过您的阈值:千篇一律的训练忽略了您独特的乳酸阈值
- 没有适应特异性:随机配速产生随机结果
基于 CSS 的区间解决了这个问题,通过将每个强度个性化到您的生理特征。无论您的 CSS 是 1:20/100 米还是 2:00/100 米,区间 2 训练都会触发有氧适应。
🎯 关键原则:反向关系
在游泳中,配速以每距离时间测量。因此:
- CSS 的更高百分比 = 更慢的配速(更容易,区间 1-2)
- CSS 的更低百分比 = 更快的配速(更难,区间 4-5)
这与自行车/跑步相反,在那里更高的百分比 = 更难。想想:"108% CSS 配速" = 比阈值慢 8%。
5 个游泳训练区间
| 区间 | 名称 | CSS 配速的百分比 | CSS 1:40/100米的示例 | RPE | 生理目的 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 恢复 | >108% | >1:48/100米 | 2-3/10 | 主动恢复、技术改进、热身/放松 |
| 2 | 有氧基础 | 104-108% | 1:44-1:48/100米 | 4-5/10 | 建立有氧能力、线粒体密度、脂肪氧化 |
| 3 | 节奏/甜蜜点 | 99-103% | 1:39-1:43/100米 | 6-7/10 | 比赛配速适应、神经肌肉效率 |
| 4 | 阈值(CSS) | 96-100% | 1:36-1:40/100米 | 7-8/10 | 乳酸阈值改善、持续高强度 |
| 5 | VO₂max/无氧 | <96% | <1:36/100米 | 9-10/10 | VO₂max 发展、力量、乳酸耐受 |
区间 1:恢复
目的
主动恢复、技术训练、热身、放松。区间 1 促进血液流动以修复肌肉,而不会产生额外的训练压力。不用于体能增益——纯粹是再生性的。
生理标记
- 心率:最大值的 50-60%
- 乳酸:<1.5 mmol/L(远低于阈值)
- 呼吸:可以鼻呼吸,可以交谈的配速
- 感觉:毫不费力,可以无限期保持
示例训练
恢复训练
- 500 米连续游泳 @ 区间 1(重点:流畅的划水)
- 10×25 技术练习(追赶、划水、单臂)@ 区间 1 努力
- 300 米拉浮板 @ 区间 1
每周量
总量的 10-20%(热身、放松、休息日恢复游泳)
区间 2:有氧基础
目的
所有耐力训练的基础。区间 2 建立线粒体密度、毛细血管网络、脂肪氧化能力和有氧酶。这是构建有氧体能的地方——产生冠军的"无聊"区间。
生理标记
- 心率:最大值的 60-75%
- 乳酸:1.5-2.5 mmol/L(低于第一乳酸阈值)
- 呼吸:有节奏、舒适,可以说完整句子
- 感觉:舒适,可持续 60 分钟以上
示例训练
有氧耐力训练
- 3000 米连续 @ 区间 2 配速
- 20×100 @ 区间 2 配速(休息 10 秒)
- 5×400 @ 区间 2 配速(休息 20 秒)
每周量
总量的 60-70%(体能发展最关键的区间)
⚠️ 常见错误:训练太难
大多数游泳者在区间 2 训练时游得太快,推入区间 3-4。这会造成慢性疲劳而不会建立有氧基础。区间 2 应该感觉轻松——您应该在结束时感觉还可以做更多。
区间 3:节奏/甜蜜点
目的
中距离项目(400 米-1500 米)的比赛配速适应。区间 3 在可持续的比赛速度下训练神经肌肉效率。也称为"甜蜜点"训练——比基础更难,比阈值更容易,每单位疲劳有良好的有氧适应。
生理标记
- 心率:最大值的 75-85%
- 乳酸:2.5-4.0 mmol/L(接近阈值)
- 呼吸:受控但升高,只能说短语
- 感觉:舒适地困难,可持续 20-40 分钟
示例训练
节奏训练
- 10×200 @ 区间 3 配速(休息 15 秒)
- 3×800 @ 区间 3 配速(休息 30 秒)
- 2000 米分段(500-400-300-400-500)@ 区间 3 配速(组间休息 20 秒)
每周量
总量的 15-20%(比赛特定准备的关键)
区间 4:阈值(CSS 配速)
目的
乳酸阈值训练——"黄金区间"。区间 4 将您的无氧阈值推得更高,提高您清除乳酸和维持高强度努力的能力。这是您的 CSS 配速——您可以在约 30 分钟内保持而不会力竭的最快速度。
生理标记
- 心率:最大值的 85-92%
- 乳酸:4.0-6.0 mmol/L(最大乳酸稳态)
- 呼吸:困难、费力,只能说单个词
- 感觉:非常困难,最多可持续 20-30 分钟
示例训练
阈值训练
- 8×100 @ CSS 配速(休息 15 秒)— 经典 CSS 组
- 5×200 @ 101% CSS(休息 20 秒)
- 3×400 @ 103% CSS(休息 30 秒)
- 1500 米连续计时测试 @ CSS 配速
每周量
总量的 10-15%(高训练压力,需要充分恢复)
💡 专业提示:使用 sTSS 管理区间 4 负荷
区间 4 训练每次产生 150-250 sTSS。追踪每周总数以避免过度训练。在建立阶段,将区间 4 训练限制在每周最多 2-3 次。
区间 5:VO₂max/无氧
目的
VO₂max 发展、无氧能力、乳酸耐受和神经肌肉力量。区间 5 训练您的身体产生和耐受高乳酸水平。用于短距离项目(50 米-200 米)和发展最高速度。
生理标记
- 心率:最大值的 92-100%
- 乳酸:6.0-15+ mmol/L(严重积累)
- 呼吸:最大、喘气,无法交谈
- 感觉:全力以赴,仅可持续 2-8 分钟
示例训练
VO₂max 训练
- 12×50 @ 最大努力(休息 30 秒)
- 6×100 @ 200 米比赛配速(休息 60 秒)
- 4×200 @ 94% CSS 配速(休息 90 秒)
- 20×25 全力冲刺(休息 15 秒)
每周量
总量的 5-10%(最高疲劳成本,谨慎使用)
⚠️ Recovery Critical
Zone 5 work is extremely taxing. Requires 48-72 hours recovery between sessions. Do NOT stack Zone 5 workouts on consecutive days. Track CTL/ATL/TSB to ensure adequate recovery.
Weekly Training Distribution by Athlete Level
Recreational / Fitness Swimmers
Total Volume: 6,000-12,000m/week (2-3 sessions)
- Zone 1: 15% (warm-up/cool-down)
- Zone 2: 70% (build aerobic base)
- Zone 3: 10% (occasional tempo)
- Zone 4: 5% (limited threshold work)
- Zone 5: 0% (not needed yet)
Competitive Masters Swimmers
Total Volume: 15,000-25,000m/week (4-6 sessions)
- Zone 1: 15% (recovery swims)
- Zone 2: 60% (aerobic foundation)
- Zone 3: 15% (race pace work)
- Zone 4: 8% (threshold sessions)
- Zone 5: 2% (speed development)
Triathletes (Swim Focus)
Total Volume: 10,000-18,000m/week (3-4 sessions)
- Zone 1: 10% (warm-up/technique)
- Zone 2: 75% (maximize aerobic efficiency)
- Zone 3: 10% (race simulation)
- Zone 4: 5% (limited—preserve energy for bike/run)
- Zone 5: 0% (not relevant for endurance racing)
Elite / Collegiate Swimmers
Total Volume: 40,000-70,000m/week (10-12 sessions)
- Zone 1: 20% (recovery essential at high volume)
- Zone 2: 50% (aerobic base maintenance)
- Zone 3: 15% (race pace specificity)
- Zone 4: 10% (threshold development)
- Zone 5: 5% (power and speed)
如何计算您的个人训练区间
Your training zones are personalized to YOUR Critical Swim Speed. Here's how to calculate them:
Step 1: Perform CSS Test
Complete a 400m and 200m time trial with 5-10 minutes recovery between efforts. Learn the full CSS testing protocol →
Step 2: Calculate CSS Pace
Example:
- 400m time: 6:08 (368 seconds)
- 200m time: 2:30 (150 seconds)
CSS Pace = (T₄₀₀ - T₂₀₀) / 2
CSS Pace = (368 - 150) / 2 = 109 seconds = 1:49/100m
Step 3: Calculate Zone Paces
Multiply CSS pace by zone percentages:
| Zone | % Range | Calculation (CSS = 1:49/100m) | Zone Pace Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zone 1 | >108% | 109 × 1.08 = 118s | >1:58/100m |
| Zone 2 | 104-108% | 109 × 1.04-1.08 = 113-118s | 1:53-1:58/100m |
| Zone 3 | 99-103% | 109 × 0.99-1.03 = 108-112s | 1:48-1:52/100m |
| Zone 4 | 96-100% | 109 × 0.96-1.00 = 105-109s | 1:45-1:49/100m |
| Zone 5 | <96% | 109 × 0.96 = 105s | <1:45/100m |
⚡ Get Automatic Zone Calculation
Use our free CSS calculator to instantly get your personalized training zones. Enter your 400m and 200m times, and we'll calculate CSS + all 5 zone ranges automatically.
Training Zone FAQs
How often should I retest my CSS to update zones?
Every 6-8 weeks during base and build phases. Your CSS should improve (get faster) as fitness increases, requiring zone adjustments. Retest after illness, injury, or long breaks.
Can I mix zones in a single workout?
Yes—most workouts are multi-zone. Example: 400m Zone 1 warm-up + 8×100 Zone 4 threshold + 300m Zone 1 cool-down. The key is intentional zone selection, not accidental "middle zone" swimming.
What if I can't maintain zone pace?
If you can't hold prescribed zone pace, either: (1) your CSS is outdated (too fast), (2) you're fatigued (check TSB), or (3) insufficient recovery between intervals. Re-test CSS if this happens consistently.
Do zones apply to all strokes?
CSS is typically tested in freestyle. For swimmers who primarily train strokes other than freestyle, consider performing stroke-specific CSS tests for more accurate zone prescription. Most swimmers use freestyle CSS zones and adjust by feel for IM/backstroke/breaststroke.
How do zones relate to Training Stress Score (sTSS)?
Zone determines Intensity Factor (IF), which is squared in the sTSS formula. Zone 4 (IF ~0.95-1.0) generates 90-100 sTSS per hour. Zone 2 (IF ~0.80) generates only 64 sTSS per hour. Higher zones = exponentially higher training stress.
Can I train only in Zone 2?
Zone 2-only training works for beginners building base fitness. However, advanced swimmers need Zone 3-5 work to develop race-specific adaptations. Follow the 80/20 rule: 80% easy (Zone 1-2), 20% hard (Zone 3-5).
相关资源
CSS Test
Perform the CSS test and get your personalized training zones instantly with our free calculator.
CSS Calculator →Training Stress Score
Learn how zone intensity affects sTSS calculation and overall training load.
sTSS Guide →Swim Analytics App
Automatic zone detection for every workout. Track time-in-zone and zone-specific training load.
Learn More →Ready to train smarter?
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