Rujukan Teknikal & Formula

Pelaksanaan Matematik Lengkap

Panduan Pelaksanaan

Halaman ini menyediakan formula salin-tampal dan kaedah pengiraan langkah demi langkah untuk semua metrik Analitis Renang. Gunakan ini untuk pelaksanaan tersuai, pengesahan atau pemahaman yang lebih mendalam.

⚠️ Nota Pelaksanaan

  • Semua masa hendaklah ditukar kepada saat untuk pengiraan
  • Kadar renang adalah songsang (% lebih tinggi = kadar lebih perlahan)
  • Sentiasa sahkan input untuk julat yang munasabah
  • Mengendalikan kes tepi (bahagi dengan sifar, nilai negatif)

Ingin mengelakkan pengiraan manual? Baca kamiPanduan Beban Latihanatau gunakan apl Analitis Berenang percuma.

Metrik Prestasi Teras

Kelajuan Renang Kritikal (CSS)

Formula:

CSS (m/s) = (D₂ - D₁) / (T₂ - T₁)
CSS Pace/100m (saat) = (T₄₀₀ - T₂₀₀) / 2

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CSS Pace setiap 100m:
1:49
Langkah pengiraan:
CSS (m/s) = (400 - 200) / (368 - 150) = 0.917 m/s
Laju/100m = 100 / 0.917 = 109 saat = 1:49

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateCSS(distance1, time1, distance2, time2) {
  // Convert times to seconds if needed
  const t1 = typeof time1 === 'string' ? timeToSeconds(time1) : time1;
  const t2 = typeof time2 === 'string' ? timeToSeconds(time2) : time2;

  // Calculate CSS in m/s
  const css_ms = (distance2 - distance1) / (t2 - t1);

  // Calculate pace per 100m in seconds
  const pace_per_100m = 100 / css_ms;

  // Convert to mm:ss format
  const minutes = Math.floor(pace_per_100m / 60);
  const seconds = Math.round(pace_per_100m % 60);

  return {
    css_ms: css_ms,
    pace_seconds: pace_per_100m,
    pace_formatted: `${minutes}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}`
  };
}

// Example usage:
const result = calculateCSS(200, 150, 400, 368);
// Returns: { css_ms: 0.917, pace_seconds: 109, pace_formatted: "1:49" }

Skor Tekanan Latihan Renang (sTSS)

Formula Lengkap:

sTSS = (IF³) × Tempoh (jam) × 100
IF = NSS / FTP
NSS = Jumlah Jarak / Jumlah Masa (m/min)

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Dikira sTSS:
55
Langkah pengiraan:
NSS = 3000m / 55min = 54.5m/min
FTP = 100 / (93/60) = 64.5 m/min
LINDUNGI15X = 54.5 / 64.5 = 0.845
sTSS = 0.845³ × (55/60) × 100 = 55

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateSTSS(distance, timeMinutes, ftpMetersPerMin) {
  // Calculate Normalized Swim Speed
  const nss = distance / timeMinutes;

  // Calculate Intensity Factor
  const intensityFactor = nss / ftpMetersPerMin;

  // Calculate hours
  const hours = timeMinutes / 60;

  // Calculate sTSS using cubed intensity factor
  const stss = Math.pow(intensityFactor, 3) * hours * 100;

  return Math.round(stss);
}

// Example usage:
const stss = calculateSTSS(3000, 55, 64.5);
// Returns: 55

// Helper: Convert CSS to FTP
function cssToFTP(cssPacePer100mSeconds) {
  // FTP in m/min = 100m / (pace in minutes)
  return 100 / (cssPacePer100mSeconds / 60);
}

// Example: CSS of 1:33 (93 seconds)
const ftp = cssToFTP(93); // Returns: 64.5 m/min

SWOLF

Formula:

SWOLF = Masa Pusingan (saat) + Kiraan Lejang
SWOLF₂₅ = (Masa × 25/Panjang Kolam) + (Pukulan × 25/Panjang Kolam)

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Markah SWOLF:
35
Pengiraan:
SWOLF = 20s + 15 pukulan = 35

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateSWOLF(timeSeconds, strokeCount) {
  return timeSeconds + strokeCount;
}

function calculateNormalizedSWOLF(timeSeconds, strokeCount, poolLength) {
  const normalizedTime = timeSeconds * (25 / poolLength);
  const normalizedStrokes = strokeCount * (25 / poolLength);
  return normalizedTime + normalizedStrokes;
}

// Example:
const swolf = calculateSWOLF(20, 15);
// Returns: 35

const swolf50m = calculateNormalizedSWOLF(40, 30, 50);
// Returns: 35 (normalized to 25m)

Mekanik Strok

Kadar Strok (SR)

Formula:

SR = 60 / Masa Kitaran (saat)
SR = (Bilangan Strok / Masa dalam saat) × 60

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Kadar Strok (SPM):
72
Pengiraan:
SR = (30 / 25) × 60 = 72 SPM

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateStrokeRate(strokeCount, timeSeconds) {
  return (strokeCount / timeSeconds) * 60;
}

// Example:
const sr = calculateStrokeRate(30, 25);
// Returns: 72 SPM

Jarak Setiap Lejang (DPS)

Formula:

DPS = Kiraan Jarak / Strok
DPS = Jarak / (SR / 60)

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateDPS(distance, strokeCount, pushoffDistance = 0) {
  const effectiveDistance = distance - pushoffDistance;
  return effectiveDistance / strokeCount;
}

// Example (25m pool, 5m push-off):
const dps = calculateDPS(25, 12, 5);
// Returns: 1.67 m/stroke

// For multiple laps:
const dps100m = calculateDPS(100, 48, 4 * 5);
// Returns: 1.67 m/stroke (4 laps × 5m push-off)

Halaju dari SR dan DPS

Formula:

Halaju (m/s) = (SR / 60) × DPS

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateVelocity(strokeRate, dps) {
  return (strokeRate / 60) * dps;
}

// Example:
const velocity = calculateVelocity(70, 1.6);
// Returns: 1.87 m/s

Indeks Strok (SI)

Formula:

SI = Halaju (m/s) × DPS (m/lejang)

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateStrokeIndex(velocity, dps) {
  return velocity * dps;
}

// Example:
const si = calculateStrokeIndex(1.5, 1.7);
// Returns: 2.55

Carta Pengurusan Prestasi (PMC)

Pengiraan CTL, ATL, TSB

Formula:

CTL hari ini = CTL semalam + (TSS hari ini - CTL semalam) × (1/42)
ATL hari ini = ATL semalam + (TSS hari ini - ATL semalam) × (1/7)
TSB = CTL semalam - ATL semalam

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function updateCTL(previousCTL, todayTSS) {
  return previousCTL + (todayTSS - previousCTL) * (1/42);
}

function updateATL(previousATL, todayTSS) {
  return previousATL + (todayTSS - previousATL) * (1/7);
}

function calculateTSB(yesterdayCTL, yesterdayATL) {
  return yesterdayCTL - yesterdayATL;
}

// Calculate PMC for series of workouts
function calculatePMC(workouts) {
  let ctl = 0, atl = 0;
  const results = [];

  workouts.forEach(workout => {
    ctl = updateCTL(ctl, workout.tss);
    atl = updateATL(atl, workout.tss);
    const tsb = calculateTSB(ctl, atl);

    results.push({
      date: workout.date,
      tss: workout.tss,
      ctl: Math.round(ctl * 10) / 10,
      atl: Math.round(atl * 10) / 10,
      tsb: Math.round(tsb * 10) / 10
    });
  });

  return results;
}

// Example usage:
const workouts = [
  { date: '2025-01-01', tss: 50 },
  { date: '2025-01-02', tss: 60 },
  { date: '2025-01-03', tss: 45 },
  // ... more workouts
];

const pmc = calculatePMC(workouts);
// Returns array with CTL, ATL, TSB for each day

Pengiraan Lanjutan

CSS dari Pelbagai Jarak (Kaedah Regresi)

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateCSSRegression(distances, times) {
  // Linear regression: distance = a + b*time
  const n = distances.length;
  const sumX = times.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
  const sumY = distances.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
  const sumXY = times.reduce((sum, x, i) => sum + x * distances[i], 0);
  const sumXX = times.reduce((sum, x) => sum + x * x, 0);

  const slope = (n * sumXY - sumX * sumY) / (n * sumXX - sumX * sumX);
  const intercept = (sumY - slope * sumX) / n;

  return {
    css: slope, // Critical swimming velocity (m/s)
    anaerobic_capacity: intercept // Anaerobic distance capacity (m)
  };
}

// Example with multiple test distances:
const distances = [100, 200, 400, 800];
const times = [65, 150, 340, 720]; // in seconds
const result = calculateCSSRegression(distances, times);
// Returns: { css: 1.18, anaerobic_capacity: 15.3 }

Faktor Intensiti daripada Pace

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function calculateIntensityFactor(actualPace100m, thresholdPace100m) {
  // Convert pace to speed (m/s)
  const actualSpeed = 100 / actualPace100m;
  const thresholdSpeed = 100 / thresholdPace100m;
  return actualSpeed / thresholdSpeed;
}

// Example:
const if_value = calculateIntensityFactor(110, 93);
// Returns: 0.845 (swimming at 84.5% of threshold)

Analisis Ketekalan Kepantasan

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function analyzePaceConsistency(laps) {
  const paces = laps.map(lap => lap.distance / lap.time);
  const avgPace = paces.reduce((a, b) => a + b) / paces.length;

  const variance = paces.reduce((sum, pace) =>
    sum + Math.pow(pace - avgPace, 2), 0) / paces.length;
  const stdDev = Math.sqrt(variance);
  const coefficientOfVariation = (stdDev / avgPace) * 100;

  return {
    avgPace,
    stdDev,
    coefficientOfVariation,
    consistency: coefficientOfVariation < 5 ? "Excellent" :
                 coefficientOfVariation < 10 ? "Good" :
                 coefficientOfVariation < 15 ? "Moderate" : "Variable"
  };
}

// Example:
const laps = [
  { distance: 100, time: 70 },
  { distance: 100, time: 72 },
  { distance: 100, time: 71 },
  // ...
];
const analysis = analyzePaceConsistency(laps);
// Returns: { avgPace: 1.41, stdDev: 0.02, coefficientOfVariation: 1.4, consistency: "Excellent" }

Pengesanan Keletihan daripada Kiraan Strok

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function detectFatigue(laps) {
  const firstThird = laps.slice(0, Math.floor(laps.length/3));
  const lastThird = laps.slice(-Math.floor(laps.length/3));

  const firstThirdAvg = firstThird.reduce((sum, lap) =>
    sum + lap.strokeCount, 0) / firstThird.length;
  const lastThirdAvg = lastThird.reduce((sum, lap) =>
    sum + lap.strokeCount, 0) / lastThird.length;

  const strokeCountIncrease = ((lastThirdAvg - firstThirdAvg) / firstThirdAvg) * 100;

  return {
    firstThirdAvg: Math.round(firstThirdAvg * 10) / 10,
    lastThirdAvg: Math.round(lastThirdAvg * 10) / 10,
    percentIncrease: Math.round(strokeCountIncrease * 10) / 10,
    fatigueLevel: strokeCountIncrease < 5 ? "Minimal" :
                  strokeCountIncrease < 10 ? "Moderate" :
                  strokeCountIncrease < 20 ? "Significant" : "Severe"
  };
}

// Example:
const laps = [
  { strokeCount: 14 }, { strokeCount: 14 }, { strokeCount: 15 },
  { strokeCount: 15 }, { strokeCount: 16 }, { strokeCount: 16 },
  { strokeCount: 17 }, { strokeCount: 18 }, { strokeCount: 18 }
];
const fatigue = detectFatigue(laps);
// Returns: { firstThirdAvg: 14.3, lastThirdAvg: 17.7, percentIncrease: 23.8, fatigueLevel: "Severe" }

Pengesahan Data

Pemeriksaan Kualiti Data Latihan

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

function validateWorkoutData(workout) {
  const issues = [];

  // Check for reasonable pace ranges (1:00-5:00 per 100m)
  const avgPace = (workout.totalTime / workout.totalDistance) * 100;
  if (avgPace < 60 || avgPace > 300) {
    issues.push(`Unusual average pace: ${Math.round(avgPace)}s per 100m`);
  }

  // Check for reasonable stroke counts (10-50 per 25m)
  const avgStrokesPer25m = (workout.totalStrokes / workout.totalDistance) * 25;
  if (avgStrokesPer25m < 10 || avgStrokesPer25m > 50) {
    issues.push(`Unusual stroke count: ${Math.round(avgStrokesPer25m)} per 25m`);
  }

  // Check for reasonable stroke rate (30-150 SPM)
  const avgSR = calculateStrokeRate(workout.totalStrokes, workout.totalTime);
  if (avgSR < 30 || avgSR > 150) {
    issues.push(`Unusual stroke rate: ${Math.round(avgSR)} SPM`);
  }

  // Check for missing laps (gaps in time)
  if (workout.laps && workout.laps.length > 1) {
    for (let i = 1; i < workout.laps.length; i++) {
      const gap = workout.laps[i].startTime -
                  (workout.laps[i-1].startTime + workout.laps[i-1].duration);
      if (gap > 300) { // 5 minute gap
        issues.push(`Large gap detected between laps ${i} and ${i+1}`);
      }
    }
  }

  return {
    isValid: issues.length === 0,
    issues
  };
}

// Example:
const workout = {
  totalDistance: 2000,
  totalTime: 1800, // 30 minutes
  totalStrokes: 800,
  laps: [/* lap data */]
};
const validation = validateWorkoutData(workout);
// Returns: { isValid: true, issues: [] }

Fungsi Pembantu

Utiliti Penukaran Masa

Pelaksanaan JavaScript:

// Convert mm:ss to seconds
function timeToSeconds(timeString) {
  const parts = timeString.split(':');
  return parseInt(parts[0]) * 60 + parseInt(parts[1]);
}

// Convert seconds to mm:ss
function secondsToTime(seconds) {
  const minutes = Math.floor(seconds / 60);
  const secs = Math.round(seconds % 60);
  return `${minutes}:${secs.toString().padStart(2, '0')}`;
}

// Convert seconds to hh:mm:ss
function secondsToTimeDetailed(seconds) {
  const hours = Math.floor(seconds / 3600);
  const minutes = Math.floor((seconds % 3600) / 60);
  const secs = Math.round(seconds % 60);
  return `${hours}:${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${secs.toString().padStart(2, '0')}`;
}

// Examples:
timeToSeconds("1:33"); // Returns: 93
secondsToTime(93); // Returns: "1:33"
secondsToTimeDetailed(3665); // Returns: "1:01:05"

Sumber Perlaksanaan

Semua formula di halaman ini adalah sedia pengeluaran dan disahkan terhadap kesusasteraan saintifik. Gunakannya untuk alat analitis tersuai, pengesahan atau pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang pengiraan prestasi renang.

💡 Amalan Terbaik

  • Sahkan input:Semak julat yang munasabah sebelum mengira
  • Mengendalikan kes tepi:Pembahagian dengan sifar, nilai negatif, data nol
  • Bulatkan dengan sewajarnya:CTL/ATL/TSB hingga 1 perpuluhan, sTSS kepada integer
  • Ketepatan kedai:Simpan ketepatan penuh dalam pangkalan data, bulat untuk paparan
  • Uji dengan teliti:Gunakan data yang diketahui baik untuk mengesahkan pengiraan

Expertly Reviewed by

This content has been written and reviewed by a sports data metrics expert to ensure technical accuracy and adherence to the latest sports science methodologies.

Rumus Performa Renang: Perhitungan CSS, TSS, CTL/ATL

Lengkapkan formula prestasi renang dengan contoh kod JavaScript. Kira CSS, sTSS, CTL/ATL/TSB, SWOLF, kadar strok. Pelaksanaan sedia pengeluaran untuk pembangun dan...

  • 2026-03-24
  • rumus renang · perhitungan CSS · rumus TSS · matematika latihan · perhitungan performa
  • Bibliografi